Measles is a highly contagious viral infection that causes respiratory problems and serious complications. Symptoms include rash, fever, cough, and distinctive mouth spots. Immediate medical care is essential.
Children, immunocompromised individuals, and pregnant people are at greatest risk for measles infection, though anyone can contract it. Globally in 2021, around 128,000 measles-related deaths occurred – primarily among unvaccinated children under five. Measles cases have been increasing in the U.S. This guide covers symptoms, potential complications, treatment options, and prevention strategies.
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Measles Symptoms | Duration | Complications | Causes & Transmission | Diagnosis | Treatment | Adult Risk | Baby Risk | Measles vs. Rubella | Prevention | Pregnancy Risk | Prognosis | Conclusion
Measles symptoms
Measles symptoms typically emerge about 14 days after exposure. The hallmark symptom is a widespread rash that begins on the face and spreads downward. This rash consists of flat red spots and raised bumps that merge together. While not usually itchy, the rash may appear red, brown, or discolored compared to normal skin tone. Other common symptoms include high fever, persistent cough, runny nose, irritated eyes, sore throat, and small white spots (Koplik spots) inside the mouth. Learn more about identifying measles symptoms.
Duration of measles infection
The incubation period (time from exposure to symptom onset) averages 11-12 days. Initial nonspecific symptoms like fever and cough appear first. The characteristic rash develops 2-4 days later, lasting up to 6 days (though may persist for 3 weeks). Infected individuals can spread the virus from 4 days before rash appearance until 4 days after it fades.
Potential complications
While some measles complications like ear infections and diarrhea are relatively mild, serious complications can include pneumonia, encephalitis (brain inflammation), and a rare but fatal brain disorder called subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. Measles also poses significant risks during pregnancy and can be life-threatening for vulnerable populations.
Transmission and causes
Measles is caused by a virus in the Paramyxoviridae family and is exceptionally contagious – 90% of exposed, unvaccinated individuals will contract it. The virus spreads through airborne droplets from coughs/sneezes or direct contact with infected surfaces (where it can survive up to 2 hours). After entering the body, it first infects respiratory tract cells before spreading via bloodstream. Importantly, measles only affects humans – animals cannot contract or transmit it.
Diagnosis
Healthcare providers diagnose measles by evaluating characteristic symptoms (rash, fever, cough, Koplik spots) and may confirm with blood tests detecting measles antibodies. Since the rash appears days after initial symptoms, promptly report any potential measles exposure or symptoms to your doctor.
Treatment options
As a viral infection, measles doesn’t respond to antibiotics. Most cases resolve within 3 weeks with supportive care:
- Post-exposure vaccination within 72 hours
- Immunoglobulin therapy within 6 days of exposure for high-risk individuals
- Fever reducers and pain relievers
- Adequate rest and hydration
- Humidifier use for respiratory symptoms
- Vitamin A supplementation
Measles in adults
Adults can contract measles and often experience more severe symptoms and complications than children. Unvaccinated adults exposed to measles should consult a healthcare provider immediately for evaluation and possible post-exposure prophylaxis.
Measles in infants
Babies receive some measles immunity from their mother (through placenta and breastfeeding), but this protection wanes by about 7 months. The first measles vaccine is typically given at 12-15 months, leaving a vulnerability window. Unvaccinated children under 5 face higher complication risks.
Distinguishing measles from rubella
Though sometimes called “German measles,” rubella is caused by a different virus and is generally milder than measles. Both diseases:
- Spread through respiratory droplets
- Cause fever and rash
- Affect only humans
The MMR and MMRV vaccines protect against both infections.
Prevention strategies
Vaccination
Vaccination is the most effective prevention method. Two doses of MMR vaccine are 97% effective. The standard schedule is:
- First dose: 12-15 months
- Second dose: 4-6 years
Adults without immunity can be vaccinated at any age. Vaccination creates herd immunity when ≥96% of a population is immunized. Common mild side effects include low-grade fever and temporary rash. Extensive research confirms no link between vaccines and autism.
Additional preventive measures
For those who can’t be vaccinated:
- Frequent handwashing
- Avoiding shared personal items
- Limiting contact with sick individuals
- If infected: isolate until 4 days post-rash, cover coughs/sneezes, disinfect surfaces
Pregnancy concerns
Measles during pregnancy increases risks of pneumonia, miscarriage, preterm birth, and low birth weight. Newborns can contract congenital measles during delivery. Pregnant individuals exposed to measles should immediately contact their healthcare provider about immunoglobulin treatment.
Prognosis
Most healthy individuals recover fully from measles, though about 30% develop complications. High-risk groups include:
- Children under 5
- Adults over 20
- Pregnant individuals
- Immunocompromised persons
- Those with malnutrition or vitamin A deficiency
Key takeaways
Measles is a serious, highly contagious disease that can cause severe complications, especially in unvaccinated populations. Vaccination provides excellent protection and helps maintain community immunity. While most cases resolve within three weeks, prompt medical attention is crucial to prevent complications. If you suspect measles exposure, seek medical advice immediately.
Jump to section
Measles Symptoms | Duration | Complications | Causes & Transmission | Diagnosis | Treatment | Adult Risk | Baby Risk | Measles vs. Rubella | Prevention | Pregnancy Risk | Prognosis | Conclusion